DEMENTIA

American Academy of Neurology: Report of Quality Standards Subcommittee: Practice parameters: Diagnosis of Dementia (an evidence -based review) - http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2817&nbr=002043&string=dementia

American Academy of Neurology: Report of Quality Standards Subcommittee: Practice parameters: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence -based review) - http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2816&nbr=002042&string=dementia

Lab Studies required in a suspected case of Alzheimer Disease:

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) & Folate levels - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/vitamin_b12/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Total T3 and Free T3 (also called Triiodothyronine) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/t3/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Total T4 and Free T4 (also called Thyroxine) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/t4/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: TSH (also called Thyrotropin) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/tsh/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Syphilis detection tests (VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory), RPR (rapid plasma reagent), FTA (Fluorescein treponema antibody), Darkfield microscopy) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/syphilis/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Lyme Disease: Anti-borrelia burgdorferi IgM/IgG - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/lyme/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Complete Blood Count (CBC) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Liver Function Tests - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/liver_panel/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Cortisol Level - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cortisol/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: ApoE Genotyping (Apolipoprotein E genotyping) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/apoe/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/esr/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Glucose level - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Blood Urea Nitrogen - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/bun/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Creatinine - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/creatinine/glance.html

'Additional' tests that may be asked in a case of Alzheimer Disease:

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: PS1 or PSEN1 genetic mutation analysis (Also known as: PS1, PS-1, AD3, Presenilin 1, S182) - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/psen1/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Tau/Aß42 (Tau protein and Amyloid Beta 42 peptide): also known as Alzheimer biomarkers -
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/tau/sample.html

Imaging Studies required in a suspected case of Alzheimer Disease :

ACR: Practice Guideline for the Performance and Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain - http://www.acr.org/s_acr/bin.asp?TrackID=&SID=1&DID=12250&CID=542&VID=2&DOC=File.PDF

ACR: Practice Guideline for the Performance of Computed Tomography (CT) of the Brain - http://www.acr.org/s_acr/bin.asp?TrackID=&SID=1&DID=17772&CID=542&VID=2&DOC=File.PDF

ACR Practice Guideline for the Performance of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Brain Perfusion Imaging - http://www.acr.org/s_acr/bin.asp?TrackID=&SID=1&DID=12288&CID=1074&VID=2&DOC=File.PDF

Practice Guideline for the Performance and Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Brain - http://www.acr.org/s_acr/bin.asp?TrackID=&SID=1&DID=12253&CID=542&VID=2&DOC=File.PDF

EEG:

Medline Plus: EEG - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm

Wikipedia: Electroencephalography - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography

Lumbar Puncture:

LP (lumbar puncture): also called Spinal Tap, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) examination: It is basically done to rule out conditions like normal-pressure hydrocephalus, neurosyphilis, neuroborreliosis, and cryptococcosis - http://www.mtio.com/lupus/prolp.htm

LP material and technique - http://www.medstudents.com.br/proced/lumbpunc.htm

'Additional' tests that may be required in cases of Vascular Dementia:

Medline Plus: Cerebral Angiography - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003799.htm

Medline Plus: Carotid duplex - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003774.htm

Medline Plus: Holter monitor (24h) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003877.htm

Medline Plus: Echocardiogram - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869.htm

'Additional' tests that may be required in cases of AIDS dementia complex (ADC):

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hiv_antibody/glance.htm

Medline Plus: Schilling test - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003572.htm

'Additional' tests that may be required in cases of Motor Neuron Disease (MND):

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Protein Electrophoresis and Immunofixation Electrophoresis - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/electrophoresis/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Lyme Disease: Anti-borrelia burgdorferi IgM/IgG - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/lyme/glance.html

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test - http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hiv_antibody/glance.htm

ACR: Practice Guideline for the Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Adult Spine: The aim is to rule out demyelinating lesions (as can occur in Tay-Sachs disease) and also to rule out cervical myelopathy - http://www.acr.org/s_acr/bin.asp?TrackID=&SID=1&DID=12249&CID=542&VID=2&DOC=File.PDF

Medline Plus: Electromyography - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm

North American Spine Society: Electromyogram and Nerve Conduction Study - http://www.spine.org/fsp/troubleshooting-electro.cfm

Medline Plus: Muscle biopsy - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003924.htm

'Additional' tests that may be required in cases of Parkinsonism or a Movement Disorder:

Medline Plus: Ceruloplasmin level - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003662.htm

Medline Plus: 24-hour urine Cu (copper) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003604.htm

American Association of Clinical Chemistry: Peripheral Blood Smear - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/blood_smear/test.html

'Additional' tests that may be required in cases of Huntington Disease Dementia:

University of Iowa: Department of Pathology: Homovanillic Acid (HVA) - a metabolite of dopamine - http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/path_Handbook/handbook/test2168.html

Calgary Laboratory Services: Homovanillic Acid (HVA) - http://www.calgarylabservices.com/LabTests/AlphabeticalListing/H/Homovanillic-Acid.htm

Genetic Testing for Huntington's Disease (HD Gene) - http://www.lkwdpl.org/hdsa/hdtest.htm

Screening for Dementia:

Screening for Dementia: Recommendations and Rationale - http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3690&nbr=002916&string=dementia

Screening for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in the Elderly - http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2809&nbr=002035&string=dementia

Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease:

National Institute of Aging: Can Alzheimer’s disease be prevented - http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/D880840E-89EB-40E3-B791-7BC8B6FC0E47/0/Can_Alzheimers_Disease_be_Prevented.pdf

Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation: The Latest on Folic Acid and Alzheimer's Prevention - http://www.alzinfo.org/news/NewsArticle8-18-2005-1-35-PM.aspx

Statistics:

Us National Center for Health Statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/alzheimr.htm

Alzheimer’s Association: Alzheimer’s disease growth: Fact Sheet - http://www.alz.org/Resources/FactSheets/FSADState_Growth.pdf

Alzheimer’s Association: Statistics about Alzheimer’s Disease - http://www.alz.org/AboutAD/Statistics.asp

Useful Links for Alzheimer Disease (AD):

Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Centre - http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers

Alzheimer’s Association: The first and largest voluntary health organization dedicated to finding prevention methods, treatments and an eventual cure for Alzheimer’s. - http://www.alz.org/overview.asp

Document Provenance and History

Document Author: Dr. Fazal Danish

Document Created: 11th April 2006

Document Edits:

OEGE - Online Encyclopedia for Genetic Epidemiology studies

DEMENTIA

Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics:

Measures:

Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE):

Short Orientation Memory Concentration Test:

Confusion Assessment Method (CAM):

Revised Algase Wandering Scale - Community Version (RAWS-CV):

Geriatric Depression Scale:

Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist:

El Escorial Criteria for the diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS):

Neuropsychological Testing:

Wechsler Memory Scale:

Wechsler Memory Scale: http://harcourtassessment.com/haiweb/Cultures/en-US/Products/Product+Detail.htm?CS_ProductID=015-8981-715&CS_Category=Adult&CS_Catalog=TPC-USCatalog

Wisconsin card sort:

Milwaukee Card Sorting Test:

Diagnosis of Dementia: Practice parameters: