|
PROSTATE CANCER
Overview:
Screening for prostate carcinoma:
-
Screening for prostate
carcinoma: Unlike
breast cancer screening, which has been shown to reduce mortality, prostate
cancer screening has not yet been evaluated and there are several reasons why it
may be less effective. Many men with prostate cancer never experience any ill
effects because some tumours are slow growing and not aggressive. The most
sensitive screening tests for prostate cancer are based on levels of prostate
specific antigen (PSA). However, the PSA test and follow up biopsies cannot
predict reliably whether a man has a cancer that will progress to cause ill
health or death. This article concludes that evidence from randomised controlled
trials of prostate cancer screening using PSA (or similar tests) and treatment
are needed before consideration is given to funding prostate screening - http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/pdf/em22.pdf
-
Detection of Subclinical Cancers
by Prostate-specific Antigen Screening in Asymptomatic Men from High-Risk
Prostate Cancer Families: This study suggests that prostate
cancer development in genetically predisposed individuals is preceded by a
subclinical period when PSA detection is possible and thus serum PSA screening
may be particularly useful in men with a family history of early-onset prostate
cancer -
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/6/1275?ijkey=7d63a298871f3a77486ab4153f7ce14edc562fdb&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Genetics of Carcinoma Prostate:
- Molecular Genetics and Epidemiology of Prostate Carcinoma:
This commentary has reviewed a series of genetic and phenotypic alterations that
are potentially involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Using this information one
might ultimately be able to construct a risk profile based on a combination of
several genetic and phenotypic alterations. With such a risk profile, it might
be possible to discriminate men whose disease will remain clinically controlled
from those who will develop life-threatening PCa. Moreover, one might ultimately
be able to design therapeutic approaches other than empirically based -
http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/1/22
- Combined Analysis of Hereditary Prostate Cancer Linkage to
1q24-25: Results from 772 Hereditary Prostate Cancer Families from
the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics: The present study describes a combined analysis for
six markers in the
1q24-25 region in 772 families affected by hereditary prostate cancer and
ascertained by the members of the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer
Genetics (ICPCG) from North America, Australia, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom. The results of this study support the finding of a prostate
cancer–susceptibility gene linked to
1q24-25, albeit in a defined subset of prostate cancer families. It suggests
that although HPC1 accounts for only small proportion of all families affected
by hereditary prostate cancer, it appears to play a more prominent role
in the subset of families with several members affected at an early age and with
male-to-male disease transmission -
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10712209
- Genetic and chromosomal alterations in prostatic
intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma detected by fluorescence in situ
hybridization: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a useful
technique to determine genetic relationships between cancer and its precursors.
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia PIN and prostatic carcinoma foci have a
similar proportion of genetic alterations, suggesting that PIN is often a
precursor of prostatic carcinoma. Genes on chromosomes 7, 8, 10, 16 and 18 may
play an important role in both initiation and progression of prostatic carcinoma
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10325509&dopt=Abstract
- Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: Much research has
been dedicated to identifying prognostic markers that distinguish indolent
versus aggressive forms of prostate cancer. In contrast, significantly less
research has been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms that
underlie normal prostate growth and development or cancer initiation and
progression. In this review, the authors have addressed recent progress toward
the central objectives of understanding parameters of normal versus abnormal
prostatic development and of elucidating a molecular pathway for prostate cancer
progression. Moreover, its being tried to focus on key regulatory molecules that
have been implicated by analysis of patterns of allelic loss in human prostate
cancers and/or by reverse genetic approaches in the mouse -
http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/14/19/2410
- Genetics of Prostate Cancer - National Cancer Institute:
There are marked differences in international prostate cancer incidence and
mortality. These differences may be due to genetic, environmental, and social
influences (such as access to health care), which affect the development and
progression of the disease. A genetic contribution to prostate cancer risk has
been documented, but knowledge of the molecular genetics of prostate cancer is
still limited. Malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells, and
progression of prostate carcinoma are likely to result from a complex series of
initial and promotional events under both genetic and environmental influences -
http://jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdq/jncipdq;CDR00002
- Risk of prostate cancer and family history of cancer: a
population-based study in China: This study evaluated prostate cancer risk and
family history of cancers using data from a case−control study in China. The
results of this study did not confirm the familial tendency toward prostate
cancer but other cancers prevalent in China appeared to be aggregate,
particularly oesophageal cancer. Larger studies are needed to confirm these
findings, and to clarify the genetic and lifestyle factors that may be involved
- http://www.nature.com/pcan/journal/v8/n1/full/4500775a.html
- Major Susceptibility Locus for Prostate Cancer on Chromosome
1 Suggested by a Genome-Wide Search: A genome-wide scan performed in
66 high-risk prostate cancer families has provided evidence of linkage to the
long arm of chromosome 1 (1q24-25). Analysis of an additional set of 25 North
American and Swedish families with markers in this region resulted in
significant evidence of linkage in the combined set of 91 families. The data
provide strong evidence of a major prostate cancer susceptibility locus on
chromosome 1 -
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/274/5291/1371?ijkey=10915d506c45a6ac9adc3a493192512b8def71a1
-
Evidence for a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on the X
chromosome: This study presents evidence for the location of a prostate
cancer susceptibility gene, which by heterogeneity estimates accounts for
approximately 16% of hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) cases. This HPC locus
resides on the X chromosome (Xq27-28), a finding consistent with results of
previous population-based studies suggesting an X-linked mode of HPC
inheritance. Genetic mapping of the locus represents an important initial
step in the identification of an X-linked gene implicated in the aetiology of
HPC - http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v20/n2/full/ng1098_175.html
Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer:
-
The complex
genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer:
The search for prostate cancer susceptibility genes by linkage studies offered
early hope that finding genes would be as ‘easy’ as finding genes for breast
cancer and colon cancer susceptibilities. However, this hope has been dampened
by the difficulty of replicating promising regions
of linkage. This review provides updates on recent developments, and a broad
view of the disparate findings from different linkage studies. Up to now, a
total of 10 genome-wide linkage scans for prostate cancer susceptibility have
been completed, and are reviewed -
http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/13/suppl_1/R103
-
A Genetic
Epidemiological Study of Hereditary Prostate Cancer (HPC) in Finland:
Frequent HPCX Linkage in Families with Late-onset Disease:
Several predisposition loci for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have been
suggested, including HPC1 at 1q24-q25 (OMIM #601518) and HPCX at Xq27-q28 (OMIM
#300147). Genetically homogeneous populations, such as that of Finland, and
distinct subsets of families may help to minimize the genetic heterogeneity that
complicates the genetic dissection of complex traits. Here, the role of the HPC1
and HPCX loci in a series of Finnish prostate cancer families was studied,
especially in subgroups of families defined by age, number of affected cases,
and the mode of disease transmission. This study suggests that the HPCX-linked
prostate cancer families represent a distinct subgroup characterized by NMM
transmission of disease and late age of diagnosis -
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/6/12/4810
-
Epidemiology of
Prostate Cancer: It is estimated that 29,900 men in the US will
die secondary to prostate cancer in 2004. Incidence of prostate cancer is
highest in the US, Canada, and Scandinavia, and lowest in China and Asian
countries. This variation could be due to different genetic predisposition,
differences in diet, variation in quality of healthcare, and deficiencies in
cancer registration; or it could be due to the multiple factors previously
mentioned -
http://www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/1322/Crawford.pdf
-
Prostate cancer
epidemiology: With newly available molecular tools, a new
generation of large-scale multidisciplinary population based studies is
beginning to investigate gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Results of
these studies may lead to better detection, treatment, and, ultimately,
prevention of prostate cancer -http://dceg.cancer.gov/pdfs/hsing1113882006.pdf
Statistics:
Measures:
Clinical:
- American Urological Association Urinary Symptom Index:
This index asks eight questions that take just a couple of minutes to
answer. Outside the United States, this questionnaire is called the
International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). This questionnaire is
designed to help determine the severity of urinary symptoms - http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/prostate-symptoms/MC00046_D1
- Online Enlarged Prostate Health Assessment: This online assessment helps
a person determine that whether at all he has symptoms suggestive of
enlarged prostate and if so, should he report to the doctor or not -
http://www.realage.com/health_guides/bph/introduction.asp?memberId=&cbr=
Imaging Studies:
- National Kidney and
Urological Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) - Medical Tests for
Prostate Problems -
http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/medtestprostate/
- Carcinoma prostate -
radiology: In this article a comprehensive account of carcinoma
prostate with particular emphasis on the radiological investigations done in
the diagnostic work-up of a carcinoma prostate case -
http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic574.htm
- Transrectal ultrasonography
(TRUS) for evaluation of various benign and malignant prostatic lesions and
their histopathological correlation: Various methods are available for
sonographic evaluation of prostate but transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)
has received increasing attention recently because of its potential for
early detection of prostate cancer. It provides greater detail of zonal
anatomy of prostate and echo pattern of the gland and its various lesion.
The objective of this study was to study the transrectal ultrasonographic
findings in benign and malignant prostatic lesions with respect to its site,
echopattern, capsular status, local invasion and their histopathological
correlation. The study concluded that the characterization of the zonal
involvement of the gland, echopattern, capsular status and adjacent organ
invasion was much better by TRUS as compared to transabdominal sonography -
http://www.ijri.org/articles/ARCHIVES/2004-14-2/gastro_Imaging-155.htm
- High-intensity
focused ultrasound for prostate cancer - NICE guidance: Current evidence on the safety
and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), as measured by
reduction in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and biopsy findings,
appears adequate to support the use of this procedure for the treatment of
prostate cancer provided that the normal arrangements are in place for
consent, audit and clinical governance -
http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/ip/IPG118guidance.pdf
- American
College of Radiology - Ultrasound of the Prostate:
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/us-prostate.htm
Lab Tests:
Tumour Markers:
Prostatic Biopsy:
- Repeat
prostate biopsy: who, how and when - a review: In this review article,
the authors have evaluated the current knowledge on repeat prostate biopsies,
focusing on when to perform them and in which patients, how many samples to
take, where to direct the biopsies and what morbidity should be expected -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12160578&dopt=Abstract
- Gleason score: A Gleason score is given to prostate cancer based
upon its microscopic appearance.
- Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and
Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A
multi-institutional update: The objective of this study was to combine
the clinical data from 3 academic institutions that serve as centres of
excellence for the surgical treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer
and develop a multi-institutional model combining serum prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) level, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological
stage for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. The study concluded
that the nomograms given in this study will enable patients and physicians to
make more informed treatment decisions based on the probability of a
pathological stage, as well as risk tolerance and the values they place on
various potential outcomes -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9145716&dopt=Abstract
Questionnaire:
Document Author: Dr. Fazal Danish
Document Created: 30th March 2006
Document Edits:
|
